Investigation Of NO, İL-6, and TNF- Levels In Mothers And Infants Diagnosed With Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR)
Abstract views: 155
/ 
PDF downloads: 88
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12600499Keywords:
Pregnancy, IUGG, nitric oxide, IL-6, TNF-αAbstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is characterized by the retardation of fetal growth and development due to factors such as inadequate nutrition or oxygen intake during pregnancy. This condition can lead to various health problems after birth. This study was conducted to investigate the levels of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in mothers and infant pairs diagnosed with IUGR. The study included 12 mother-infant pairs diagnosed with IUGR and 90 healthy mother-infant pairs. NO, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in maternal blood and infant cord blood were compared between these groups. Measurements revealed that NO levels in maternal blood and infant cord blood in the IUGR group were significantly lower compared to the control group. However, no significant difference was found in IL-6 levels in maternal blood between the IUGR and control groups. Nevertheless, IL-6 levels in cord blood of infants diagnosed with IUGR were significantly lower compared to the control group. Although TNF-α levels were measured higher in maternal blood, they were not statistically significant. In the IUGR group, cord blood TNF-α levels were found to be high and statistically significant. These findings suggest the potential role of NO, IL-6, and TNF-α in understanding the pathophysiology of IUGR. In conclusion, attributing significant increases and decreases in parameters studied in maternal and infant blood to a single cause of IUGR is not feasible, given the involvement of various factors. More homogeneous study groups could lead to more specific results and enable detailed interpretations.
References
Anthony Ogundipe and Le, Hamilton J.R,(1999) Intrauterin growth restriction, post-term pregnancy and intrauterin wis A fetal demise. Maternal-fetal Medicine. Chapter 28, part 2, page:324-332.
Bahado-Singh, R., Martinez, E., Gomez, K. J., & Deren, Ö. (1996). Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR). Temel Kadın Hastalıkları ve Doğum Bilgisi. Güneş Kitapevi, Ankara, 1623-1645.
Bamfo, J. E., & Odibo, A. O. (2011). Diagnosis and management of fetal growth restriction. Journal of pregnancy, 640-715.
Beutler, B., & Cerami, A. (1987). Cachectin: more than a tumor necrosis factor. New England Journal of Medicine, 316(7), 379-385.
Cortas, N. K., & Wakid, N. W. (1990). Determination of inorganic nitrate in serum and urine by a kinetic cadmium-reduction method. Clinical chemistry, 36(8), 1440-1443.
Cunningham, F. G., MacDonald, P. C., Gant, N. F., Leveno, K. J., & Gilstrap, L. C. (1993). Parturition: biomolecular and physiologic processes. Williams obstetrics, 297-361.
De Caterina, R., Libby, P., Peng, H. B., Thannickal, V. J., Rajavashisth, T. B., Gimbrone, M. A., & Liao, J. K. (1995). Nitric oxide decreases cytokine-induced endothelial activation. Nitric oxide selectively reduces endothelial expression of adhesion molecules and proinflammatory cytokines. The Journal of clinical investigation, 96(1), 60-68.
Diket, A. L., Pierce, M. R., Munshi, U. K., Voelker, C. A., Eloby-Childress, S., Greenberg, S. S., & Miller, M. J. (1994). Nitric oxide inhibition causes intrauterine growth retardation and hind-limb disruptions in rats. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 171(5), 1243-1250.
Dudley, D. J., Trautman, M. S., Edwin, S. S., Lundin-Schiller, S., & Mitchell, M. D. (1992). Biosynthesis of interleukin-6 by cultured human chorion laeve cells: regulation by cytokines. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 75(4), 1081-1086.
Frøen, J. F., Gardosi, J. O., Thurmann, A., Francis, A., & Stray-Pedersen, B. (2004). Restricted fetal growth in sudden intrauterine unexplained death. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica, 83(9), 801-807.
Gant, N. F., Daley, G. L., Chand, S., Whalley, P. J., & MacDonald, P. C. (1973). A study of angiotensin II pressor response throughout primigravid pregnancy. The Journal of clinical investigation, 52(11), 2682-2689.
Geng, Y. J., Hansson, G. K., & Holme, E. (1992). Interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor synergize to induce nitric oxide production and inhibit mitochondrial respiration in vascular smooth muscle cells. Circulation research, 71(5), 1268-1276.
Gude, N. M., King, R. G., & Brennecke, S. P., (1990). Role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in maintenance of low fetal vascular resistance in placenta. The Lancet, 336(8730), 1589-1590.
Heyborne, K. D., Witkin, S. S., & McGregor, J. A. (1992). Tumor necrosis factor-α in midtrimester amniotic fluid is associated with impaired intrauterine fetal growth. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 167(4), 920-925.
Higuchi, M., Higashi, N., Taki, H., & Osawa, T. (1990). Cytolytic mechanisms of activated macrophages. Tumor necrosis factor and L-arginine-dependent mechanisms act synergistically as the major cytolytic mechanisms of activated macrophages. Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md.: 1950), 144(4), 1425-1431.
Holcberg, G., Huleihel, M., Sapir, O., Katz, M., Tsadkin, M., Furman, B., ... & Myatt, L. (2001). Increased production of tumor necrosis factor-α TNF-α by IUGR human placentae. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 94(1), 69-72.
Karaca, S.Y., Adıyeke, M. (2022). İntrauterin Gelişme Geriliği Olan Term Gebeliklerin Doğum İndüksiyonunda İntravajinal Dinoprostonun Başarısı. İzmir Tepecik Eğitim Hastanesi Dergisi, 32(1), 34-39.
Lancaster Jr, J. (Ed.). (1996). Nitric oxide: principles and actions. Elsevier.
Lyall, F., Young, A., & Greer, I. A. (1995). Nitric oxide concentrations are increased in the fetoplacental circulation in preeclampsia. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 173(3), 714-718.
McCormick M.C., ( 1985) The contribution of low birth weight to infant mortality and childhood morbidity. N Engl J Med, 312:82-90.
Mire-Sluis, A., Thorpe, R., (1995). Quantitative biological assays for individual cytokines. Cytokines: A Practical Approach, (155), 357.
Molnar M., Sütö T., T ScandMC., Volpe A., (1994). Facchinetti F. Effects of L-aginine on utero-placental circulation in rowth-retarded fetuses. by the Italian National Council. Am J Obstet Gynecol.; 170: 1458-1466.
Moncada, S. R. M. J., Palmer, R. M. L., & Higgs, E. (1991). Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology. Pharmacological reviews, 43(2), 109-142.
Myatt, L., Brewer, A., & Brockman, D. E. (1991). The action of nitric oxide in the perfused human fetal-placental circulation. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 164(2), 687-692.
Nathan, C. (1992). Nitric oxide as a secretory product of mammalian cells. The FASEB journal, 6(12), 3051-3064.
Nawas, S. I., Doherty, J. C., Vigneswaran, W. T., Fogelson, B. G., McMillen, M. A., Ferguson, J. L., & Law, W. R. (1999). Cardiopulmonary bypass increases coronary IL-8 in diabetic patients without evidence of reperfusion injury. Journal of Surgical Research, 84(1), 46-50.
Oppenheim JJ, Ruscetti FW. Cytokines.(2001) In: Medical Immunology, 10th ed. Parslow TG, Stites DP, Terr AI, Imboden JB, editors. McGraw-Hill: New York;. 148-166.
Rmj, P. (1988). Vascular endothelial cells synthesize nitric oxide from L-arginine. Nature, 333, 664-666.
Romero, R., Mazor, M., Brandt, F., Sepulveda, W., Avıla, C., Cotton, D. B., & Dinarello, C. A. (1992). Interleukin‐1α and Interleukin‐1 β in Preterm and Term Human Parturition. American journal of reproductive immunology, 27(3‐4), 117-123.
Romero, R., Mazor, M., Sepulveda, W., Avila, C., Copeland, D., & Williams, J. (1992). Tumor necrosis factor in preterm and term labor. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 166(5), 1576-1587.
Saito S, Kato Y, Maruyama M, Ichijo M. (1992). A Study of Interferon‐γ and Interleukin‐2 Production in Premature Neonates and Neonates with Intrauterine Growth Retardation. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 27(1‐2), 63-68.
Unterscheider J, Daly S, Geary M.P, et al. (2013). Optimizing the definition of intrauterine growth restriction: the multicenter prospective PORTO Study. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 208:290.
Vaddi, K. D. V. M., Nicolini, F. A., Mehta, P., & Mehta, J. L. (1994). Increased secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma by mononuclear leukocytes in patients with ischemic heart disease. Relevance in superoxide anion generation. Circulation, 90(2), 694-699.
Valenzuela, G. J., Germain, A., & Foster, T. C. (1993). Physiology of uterine activity in pregnancy. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 5(5), 640-646.
Yin, C., Tian, Y., & Zheng, Y. (1998). Study on relationship between detection of interleukin-6 and its mRNA and pregnancy induced hypertension. Zhonghua fu Chan ke za zhi, 33(12), 711-714.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal of Holistic Health, Sports and Recreation
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
